The mozart effect - Testing the arousal hypothesis

People on the edge of starvation will rarely if ever display enlightened activities in relationship to their environment or each other, as they battle for survival. Early farmers could see the effects of deforestation, erosion, and soil exhaustion, but gentle, sustainable practices were often defeated by market forces, imperial prerogatives, and warfare. What could be obvious to farmers was not evident to potentates sitting on distant urban thrones, merchants, or money-changers, and as the city conquered what became the hinterland, short-term economic plunder took precedence over long-term environmental management far too frequently.

What evidence do the researchers offer as a test of their hypothesis

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THE MOZART EFFECT: EVIDENCE FOR THE AROUSAL HYPOTHESIS

But the most impressive dual-use innovation in mollusks is what cephalopods invented. Their gill pumps are quite muscular and . That . Jet propulsion is not an energy-efficient means of transportation, but the cephalopod’s ability to pass oxygen-bearing water over its gills is unmatched. Cephalopods can live in waters too hypoxic for fish to survive. In the coming Ordovician Period, cephalopods would be apex predators of marine biomes and would hold that distinction for a long time. Cephalopods are today’s ; the and it has the largest brain-to-body-size ratio of all invertebrates. It is thought that the skills needed for predation stimulated cephalopodan intelligence. Today, the is the only survivor of that lineage of Ordovician apex predators.

The Mozart effect: evidence for the arousal hypothesis.

Just as the aftermath of the appearance of complex life was uninteresting from a , as the amazingly diverse energy-generation strategies of archaea and bacteria were almost totally abandoned in favor of aerobic respiration, biological solutions to the problems that complex life presented were greatest during the Cambrian Explosion, and everything transpiring since then has been relatively insignificant. Animals would never see that level of innovation again. While investigating those eonic changes, many scientists have realized that the dynamics of those times might have been quite different from today’s, as once again may be of limited use for explaining what happened. Also, scientists generally use a rule-of-thumb called , or parsimony, which states that with all else being equal, simpler theories are preferred. , a seminal theorist regarding the scientific method, as they were easier to falsify. However, this issue presents many problems, and in recent times, theories of or speciation have invoked numerous interacting dynamics. Einstein noted that the more elegant and impressive the math used to support a theory, the less likely the theory depicted reality. Occam’s Razor has also become an unfortunate dogma in various circles, particularly , in which the of materialism and establishment science are defended, and often quite irrationally. Simplicity and complexity have been seesawing over the course of scientific history as fundamental principles. The recent trend toward multidisciplinary syntheses has been generally making hypotheses more complex and difficult to test, although and ever-increasing and more precise data makes the task more feasible than ever, at least situations in which are not interfering.

RESULTS In my experiment of the Mozart effect to test the theory that listening to Mozart will improve your ability to learn.
·What evidence do the researchers offer as a test of their hypothesis? Isthis evidence empirical (observable)? Is it valid?

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Summary — Within the scientific community there is no agreement about whether or not the Mozart Effect is genuine. Moreover, the effective features of music that has yielded the Effect are not understood, so systematic analyses of musical characteristics are needed. It is now obvious that an apparently simple novel question, i.e., whether being exposed briefly to certain music can boost a cognitive ability, is not in fact such a simple question. Meanwhile, as the scientific controversy continues, the Mozart Effect has been extended to clinical applications. Thus, Johnson et al reported an improvement in spatial-temporal reasoning in a case of Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, the Mozart sonata apparently can reduce brain seizures.

Mathematical model to sustain the Gaia hypothesis

It is important to distinguish the Mozart Effect discussed above from other studies of the effects of music, including Mozart, on behavior, both in children and adults. Many people believe that the Mozart Effect described here applies to children but such studies have never been done with young children. Also, the effects of long term listening to music and long term involvement in music lessons are quite another matter from the Mozart Effect reviewed here.

PubMed - National Center for Biotechnology Information

In any event, the larger context and implications of the Mozart Effect have been mainly ignored within the scientific community and grossly misrepresented and distorted within the public domain. It is now time see how the Mozart Effect fits into the “big picture”.