An example of this would be genetic drift, pleiotropy, or chance.
The assumptions of SEU theory are very strong,permitting correspondingly strong inferences to be made fromthem. Although the assumptions cannot be satisfied even remotelyfor most complex situations in the real world, they may besatisfied approximately in some microcosms--problem situationsthat can be isolated from the world's complexity and dealtwith independently. For example, the manager of a commercialcattle-feeding operation might isolate the problem of finding theleast expensive mix of feeds available in the market that wouldmeet all the nutritional requirements of his cattle. Thecomputational tool of linear programming, which is a powerfulmethod for maximizing goal achievement or minimizing costs whilesatisfying all kinds of side conditions (in this case, thenutritional requirements), can provide the manager with anoptimal feed mix--optimal within the limits of approximation ofhis model to real world conditions. Linear programming andrelated operations research techniques are now used widely tomake decisions whenever a situation that reasonably fits theirassumptions can be carved out of its complex surround. Thesetechniques have been especially valuable aids to middlemanagement in dealing with relatively well-structured decisionproblems.
An example of this would be the current trend regarding obesity.

a model to test the industrial flight hypothesis
As scientists know with mammals, although , it comes with a great energetic cost. As with plants, an animal can spend its on consumption (metabolism) or investment (growth). An intriguing hypothesis is that growing large was part of an energy strategy, as the benefits of size (reduced risk of predation, ease of conserving body heat and consequently less need for a high metabolism, ability to access new food sources, such as foliage high above the ground) outweighed their costs (energy devoted to growth instead of metabolism, the need to constantly feed). Their size and the warm climate meant that large dinosaurs did not need as intense internal energy generation as mammals do, for instance, and dinosaurs may have been , with internal energy regulation greater than , but not as great as (mammals and birds).
Trade and The Industrial Flight Hypothesis.
The issue of avian and dinosaurian air sacs and when they evolved has been the focus of a rancorous dispute that was only recently resolved and hinged on the hollow parts of bones, which is a phenomenon called . The controversy involved dinosaur bone pneumaticity and how it may have been related to birds. In a , it was shown that birds have their most important air sacs where nobody thought they were, near a bird’s tail, not its head. Not only that, pneumatic bones are all related to the air sac system, and birds have the same pneumatic bones as saurischian dinosaurs did. The obvious implication is that the air sac system evolved in theropods and sauropods, when dinosaurs first appeared. If the air sac system appeared with the first dinosaurs, it is one more big reason why dinosaurs prevailed over the less respiratorily gifted therapsids. Such a highly effective respiration system evolving in a low-oxygen environment is a tantalizing hypothesis.
